Around 1080, William began the construction of a formidable motte-and-bailey castle on the cliffs overlooking the port town. This early fortress was primarily constructed of timber and earthworks, typical of Norman military architecture at the time, designed for rapid construction and defense.
The Normans understood that controlling Dover was essential to maintaining power in England. The castle’s position allowed them to monitor the channel for invading forces and to safeguard the arrival of supplies and troops from Normandy.
The Great Keep: Henry II’s Vision
The most iconic structure at Dover Castle, the Great Keep, was commissioned by King Henry II in the mid-12th century, between 1180 and 1188. This period was marked by instability, including threats from France and internal dissent, such as the revolt by Henry’s own sons. Henry II recognized the need for a more permanent and impregnable fortress to assert royal authority and defend the realm.
The Great Keep, built from massive Kentish ragstone, was a masterpiece of medieval military architecture. It stands on the original Norman motte, replacing earlier wooden fortifications with thick stone walls up to 4.3 meters (14 feet) thick. The design featured four corner towers, strong defensive gatehouses, and extensive living quarters to house the garrison and the king’s retinue.
The keep was more than just a military fortress; it was a symbol of royal power, containing royal apartments, a chapel, and storerooms. Its commanding position allowed for sweeping views over the English Channel and the surrounding countryside.
The building of the Great Keep also demonstrated Henry II’s strategic foresight. Dover was not only a defensive bastion but also an important royal residence and administrative center shutdown123